Sport-based prison interventions have been shown to improve well-being and reduce recidivism, but little is known about the psychological mechanisms behind these effects. Additionally, most research focuses on male prisoners, leaving gaps in understanding how such programmes impact women, a particularly vulnerable group in the penal system.
Here, we present findings from an ongoing evaluation of the Twinning Project, a football-based intervention delivered in over 70 prisons across England and Wales. Using survey data from 164 male prisoners, we explore how participation fosters social bonding and satisfies important psychological needs. Participation was associated with enhanced self-efficacy and improved life satisfaction, key factors in rehabilitation. The evidenced link between strengthened prosocial identities, psychological need satisfaction, and well-being aligns with the social cure model and emphasises the importance of group-based activities in prison.
Complementing this, interviews with women prisoners revealed both benefits and gender-specific challenges. While women experienced increased confidence and future aspirations, they also faced barriers related to programme structure, health concerns, and post-release uncertainty. Peer and staff support, the appeal of football, and access to non-criminal identities emerged as key enablers.
These findings underscore the need for gender-responsive, group-based sports interventions that strengthen social bonds, improve wellbeing, and support long-term rehabilitation in prison settings.
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Linus Peitz
Research Associate, University of Greenwich, United Kingdom
Dr. Linus Peitz is a social psychologist exploring how social groups and networks shape attitudes and behaviors, particularly in contexts of psychological transformation and social program evaluation. His recent research examines these dynamics in criminal justice, public and military service, and sports fandom.
He holds research positions at the University of Greenwich’s School of Human Sciences and the University of Kent’s School of Social Sciences. His work has included evaluating interventions for the UK Ministry of Justice and consulting for charities in the criminal justice sector. Dr. Peitz is an active member of the Institute for Lifecourse Development at the University of Greenwich, the Group Lab at the University of Kent, and the Centre for the Study of Social Cohesion at the University of Oxford.
